We are constantly being bombarded with attention-grabbing distractions, from the flashy shopfronts and advertisements that flank the side of the road to the tempting buzz of the phone during a meeting with the boss.
For a long time, brain scientists believed that maintaining focus in these situations required a cascade of mental events: momentary distraction, followed by the realization that our attention has been diverted and a conscious effort to bring it back on the task at hand.
But recent research shows that our brains actually have a clever mechanism for outwitting these distractions. With repeated practice, environmental cues — such as a particularly busy intersection, or your boss’s office — can trigger the brain to jump directly into a more focused state, bypassing distraction and saving precious time.
In a new study, Duke University researchers combined brain imaging with a celebrity naming game to pinpoint the structure in the brain responsible for forming direct links between environmental stimuli and enhanced focus. This structure, called the caudate nucleus, is also known to play an important role in linking motor actions to their consequences.
The brain’s ability to automatically trigger greater focus was first demonstrated in 2011, and little is understood about how it handles this process, said senior author Tobias Egner, associate professor of psychology and neuroscience at Duke.
To unravel the neural mechanisms involved, Egner and postdoctoral researcher Yu-Chin Chiu asked research subjects to carry out a variation on a classic test of mental control, called the Stroop test, while their brain activity was monitored with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
In a twist on the test, the 28 participants were shown a series of images of famous Hollywood men, including Brad Pitt, Tom Cruise, Matt Damon and Leonardo DiCaprio, and asked to identify each actor as quickly as they could. To make the task more challenging, written names appeared across each actors’ faces in bold red ink, and the name and photo correctly matched only half of the time.
People usually take longer to respond when the names and the photos don’t match, Egner said, because they have to overcome their initial impulse to read the name and instead direct their full focus on the face.
But the researchers found that if they frequently paired a specific face with incorrect names — for example, Leonardo DiCaprio’s face with the names Pitt, Cruise, or Damon — participants became better at identifying the face and ignoring the names.
Since there is no way of knowing in advance which face will appear, or if the name will match, the only way to get faster is if the face itself directly triggers the brain to focus on the face and ignore the name, said Egner, who is also a member of Duke’s Institute for Brain Sciences.
“If 75% of the time Leonardo DiCaprio appears with other people’s names, you learn that when you see DiCaprio’s face, you should ignore the distracting word,” Egner said.
As the research subjects learned to associate specific faces with a greater focus, fMRI scans showed a structure called the caudate nucleus lighting up.
“It seems that the caudate nucleus doesn’t just link motor actions to outcomes but also perhaps cognitive actions to outcomes,” Egner said. “In this case, what is the correct attentional focus to make me perform well on this task?”
The results highlight how the brain’s ability to form well-learned, reflexive reactions — like reaching for the phone when it buzzes — is not always at odds with controlled, or intentional behavior, and in fact the two processes can actually work together.
“There is a very longstanding tradition in psychology of distinguishing between automatic or really well-learned, well-practiced behavior and intentional, controlled behavior,” Egner said. “Here they really become partners in helping the performance.”
“This work is exciting in that it highlights a brain-based mechanism that supports a human’s use of reactive control — the rapid and flexible deployment of attention to reduce susceptibility to distraction,” said Julie Bugg, assistant professor of psychological and brain sciences at Washington University who was not an author on the study. “It captures the intimate relationship between learning and cognitive control.”
This work appears Jan. 25 in The Journal of Neuroscience.