Narratives of adversity differ significantly across cultures in their themes and relationship to well-being, according to a study published in the Journal of Personality & Social Psychology.
Ariana F. Turner and colleagues investigated how cultural contexts influence the way adults narrate difficult life events. Narrative identity, an evolving story integrating past experiences with future aspirations, is a key psychological construct providing meaning and coherence to life. While extensively studied in Western settings, cross-cultural research remains limited, prompting this study to explore narratives from Japan, Denmark, Israel, and the United States.
This study was motivated by the idea that cultural norms shape how people interpret and articulate adversity. For example, redemption arcs which are common in American narratives may not hold the same prominence in other cultures.
The study involved 438 adults from the United States (n = 102), Japan (n = 122), Israel (n = 103), and Denmark (n = 111), recruited through Prolific and MTurk. Participants provided narratives describing two difficult life events—a “low point” and a “life challenge”—and completed self-report measures assessing well-being, life satisfaction, and depression. Each narrative included details about the event, associated thoughts and feelings, and its significance for the participant’s life story. Responses were encouraged to be 9-15 sentences per event.
The narratives were analyzed using five indices: redemption, contamination, agency, communion, and meaning-making. Redemption and contamination captured positive or negative emotional trajectories, while agency and communion reflected autonomy and interpersonal connections. Meaning-making assessed the extent of personal insight derived from the events. Two trained coders evaluated the narratives, achieving reliability through practice and weekly discussions. All narratives were translated into English, with translations cross-checked by native speakers for accuracy.
The results revealed notable cultural differences in narrative themes and their relationships with psychological well-being. American participants frequently framed their challenges through redemption arcs, where negative experiences transitioned to positive outcomes. This emphasis on redemption aligned with cultural narratives of personal growth and upward mobility. Similarly, Israeli participants often included redemption themes but highlighted collective responsibility, underscoring their communal cultural orientation.
In contrast, Danish narratives focused on balanced affect and communal growth, reflecting egalitarian values. Japanese participants commonly framed their narratives with themes of acceptance and attribution of blame, emphasizing cultural values of accommodation and interpersonal dynamics.
Quantitative findings further supported these cultural distinctions. Redemption was positively associated with well-being in American and Israeli participants but had weaker or no such associations in Japanese and Danish participants. Contaminative narratives, marked by a negative progression of events, were associated with lower well-being in Western countries but showed no significant impact on Japanese participants.
Agency and communion demonstrated varying cultural relevance; agency was most strongly associated with well-being in the United States and Israel, while communion played a more significant role in Japan and Israel.
The findings highlight that while certain narrative indices have universal psychological significance, their expression and impact are profoundly shaped by cultural norms.
One limitation is the study’s reliance on nationality as a proxy for culture, which may overlook intra-country cultural variations and the experiences of minority groups.
The study, “Narrative Identity in Context: How Adults in Japan, Denmark, Israel, and the United States Narrate Difficult Life Events,” was authored by Ariana F. Turner, Dorthe K. Thomsen, Rivka Tuval-Mashiach, Anton Sevilla-Liu, Henry R. Cowan, Stuart Sumner, and Dan P. McAdams.
