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A recent study published in Psychology & Sexuality showed that individuals are more likely to remember negative information about sexually active women than men. These findings replicate and extend previous research on the sexual double standard, a societal bias that evaluates men and women differently for similar sexual behaviors.
The study builds upon the foundational work of Marks and Fraley in 2006, which first suggested that people remember information consistent with the sexual double standard. This concept, widely recognized in societal norms, states that sexually active men are often praised, while women are judged negatively for similar behavior. However, the original study faced criticism for its small sample size and potential bias in its findings. Given the changing societal attitudes towards gender and sexuality, especially in the wake of movements like #MeToo, the present research aimed to reassess these findings under contemporary conditions.
Michael Marks and Yuliana Zaikman at New Mexico State University embarked on this study to address the limitations of the previous research, and to understand better the mechanics of memory recall influenced by the sexual double standard. They were particularly interested in determining whether differences in recall were due to the way information was initially processed (encoding) or the way it was retrieved from memory.
To test their hypotheses, a controlled experiment was conducted involving 400 university students recruited from an introductory psychology class. Participants were tasked with reading a short story about a sexually active individual, which contained an equal mix of positive and negative remarks about the person’s sexual behavior. They were then asked to recall as much information as they could from the story. To further understand the memory process, the study included a variation in delay times before recall among half of the participants, aiming to create different conditions for memory retention.
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The study found that participants were more inclined to remember negative comments about the sexually active female character than about the male character. This pattern aligned with the findings of the 2006 study. Interestingly, it was also noted that women participants recalled more comments in general than men.
However, the extended analysis of memory processing — particularly whether the bias was due to encoding or retrieval processes — did not yield conclusive results. “The mechanisms underlying the present results remain unclear,” the researchers commented, highlighting an area for future exploration.
While the study offers valuable insights, it is essential to consider its limitations The materials used for the study, such as the vignettes, were not pre-rated for positivity and negativity, which might have affected the balance of information presented to the participants. These factors suggest a need for further research, possibly using more diverse methodologies, to fully understand how gender biases in memory operate.
“In closing, we hope that future researchers will conduct further replications of influential [sexual double standard] research, as well as continue to explore the social and cognitive mechanisms that underlie the [sexual double standard]. Replications are especially important in these times of changing norms and standards, which facilitates the need for continued examination of the attitudes that people hold towards sexually active men and women, as well as the social and cognitive processes that produce those attitudes,” the researchers concluded.
The study was titled: “Confirmation bias and the sexual double standard: a preregistered replication”.
