New study finds that nostalgic memories become more bittersweet over time

Nostalgic memories tend to become more bittersweet over time, as reported in a new study published in Cognition & Emotion.

Nostalgia is described as a sentimental longing for the past. Previous research has found that nostalgic reflection can promote psychological benefits such as social connectedness, self-continuity, and optimism. However, while nostalgia is typically seen as positive, it is also tinged with sadness, and little is known about how its emotional signature changes over time.

Tim Wildschut and colleagues examined whether the affect (emotion) associated with nostalgic memories fades or intensifies with time, and how this temporal trajectory differs from other kinds of memories.

The researchers explored this question using a framework known as the Fading Affect Bias, which shows that negative emotions typically fade more than positive ones when people recall past events. The team conducted two experiments to see whether nostalgic events follow this pattern or whether they display a distinct trajectory—specifically, whether nostalgic events become less positive and more negative over time, and how this change relates to specific emotions like regret or loneliness.

In Experiment 1, 199 university undergraduates were randomly assigned to reflect on either a nostalgic or an ordinary event. After recalling the event, participants rated how positive and negative they felt at the time of the event’s occurrence and at the time of recall. They also completed scales assessing six psychological benefits (e.g., social connectedness, meaning in life). All procedures were completed online.

In Experiment 2, 197 MTurk workers were assigned to recall either a nostalgic or an affectively neutral event. Participants again rated their emotions at both the time of the event and at recall, including not just general positive and negative affect but also 13 discrete emotions (e.g., gratitude, regret, loneliness). The aim was to assess how these discrete emotions changed over time and whether they helped explain shifts in overall affect.

In both experiments, nostalgic memories diverged from the typical Fading Affect Bias pattern. Rather than becoming more emotionally neutral, nostalgic events became less positive and more negative over time. In Experiment 1, nostalgic events showed a significant decrease in positive affect and increase in negative affect from occurrence to recall, whereas ordinary events showed a decrease only in negative affect, consistent with the Fading Affect Bias. Nostalgic memories also remained more positive than ordinary memories overall, particularly at the time of the event, and this positivity was a plausible mediator of the psychological benefits associated with nostalgia.

Experiment 2 replicated these findings with a neutral-event control group. Nostalgic events again showed a fading of positive affect and an intensification of negative affect over time, unlike neutral events. Mediation analyses suggested that the emotional changes in nostalgic memories were linked to increases in specific emotions. In particular, increases in regret were linked to the decline in positive affect, while increases in loneliness mediated the rise in negative affect. Interestingly, gratitude increased over time and was a notable exception to the general fading trend, highlighting the complexity of nostalgia.

The authors note that both studies relied on retrospective self-reports, which may be influenced by memory biases. While such designs are common in this area of research, prospective assessments could strengthen future findings.

The research, “Remembrance of things past: temporal change in the affective signature of nostalgic events,” was authored by Tim Wildschut, Constantine Sedikides, Bettina Zengel, and John J. Skowronski.