People with psychopathic traits fail to learn from painful outcomes

A recent study published in Communications Psychology reveals that individuals with higher psychopathic traits show reduced sensitivity to pain, which affects their ability to learn from painful consequences. The researchers found that people with elevated psychopathic traits tend to revert quickly to initial beliefs after experiencing pain. This new insight could help us understand why individuals with these traits often struggle to adapt their behavior despite negative consequences.

People with psychopathic traits frequently ignore the negative consequences of their actions, likely due to differences in how they process punishment. Past studies have indicated that psychopathy is associated with both an insensitivity to punishment and an excessive drive toward reward, but this study aimed to explore the computational learning processes specifically related to pain. Pain can serve as a powerful teaching signal, so understanding how reduced pain sensitivity influences learning in people with psychopathic traits could shed light on the mechanisms behind their often harmful decision-making.

“One of the hallmarks of psychopathy is aggressive, exploitative behavior with little regard for the wellbeing of others,” said study author Dimana Atanassova, a postdoctoral researcher at the Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour at Radboud University.

“At the same time, what we know from research is that people with psychopathic traits consistently fail to change their behaviour even after receiving punishment, which suggests they struggle to learn from the negative consequences of their actions. However, the mechanisms of this impaired learning are still not fully clear.”

“In this line of research, I was interested in uncovering the specific learning mechanisms that might be impaired in individuals with high psychopathic traits as a way to understand the drivers of their antisocial behaviour, as well as identify potential intervention targets.”

For their study, the researchers recruited 106 participants from the general population and measured each person’s level of psychopathic traits using a self-report questionnaire. The questionnaire assessed multiple dimensions of psychopathy, including interpersonal traits (such as manipulativeness), affective traits (like lack of empathy), and lifestyle traits (such as impulsivity).

The participants then underwent a series of controlled pain assessments. The researchers used a device to deliver mild electrical shocks to each participant’s arm, measuring their threshold (the lowest level at which pain was first noticed) and tolerance (the maximum pain level they were willing to endure). These measurements gave the researchers a reliable gauge of each participant’s sensitivity to pain.

After the pain assessment, participants completed a computer-based learning task where they chose between two options, each carrying a possibility of either reward or punishment. In one part of the task, choosing correctly led to monetary rewards, while incorrect choices resulted in a financial penalty. In the other part, incorrect choices led to small electric shocks, while correct choices brought a reward similar in value to the monetary one.

The researchers used a computational model, known as the hierarchical Gaussian filter, to analyze each participant’s learning patterns and behavior. This model allowed researchers to evaluate how participants updated their beliefs after each reward or punishment and whether they were likely to change their choices after painful experiences or to return to their original choices.

Atanassova and her colleagues found that individuals with higher psychopathic traits displayed distinct differences in how they learned from painful outcomes. These individuals were less sensitive to pain and showed a tendency to revert to their initial expectations even after experiencing a painful consequence, a process the researchers termed “belief resetting.”

In other words, instead of adapting their behavior in response to pain, individuals with higher psychopathic traits more readily dismissed the painful outcome and returned to their original beliefs. This impaired learning mechanism provides insights into the poor decision-making often observed in individuals with elevated psychopathic traits, as their reduced pain sensitivity seems to prevent them from adjusting their behavior based on painful feedback. Interestingly, this belief-resetting behavior did not occur in non-painful situations, suggesting that the impaired learning was unique to experiences involving pain.

“The exploitative, antisocial behavior of those with high psychopathic traits has often been looked at through the prism of callousness or lack of remorse—in a sense, that they simply don’t care about the consequences,” Atanassova told PsyPost. “But this study’s findings suggest that the problem might be (partially) explained with a deficit in how they learn about consequences. More specifically, that they persist with a given course of action even when they suffer painful consequences due to a combination of insensitivity to pain and an impairment in an underlying cognitive learning mechanism.”

One of the main limitations of this study is that the sample was composed of individuals from the general population, so the findings may not fully apply to those with extreme psychopathic traits, such as individuals in prison settings.

“While there is evidence that high psychopathic traits are present to a certain extent in the general population, it’s important to note that none of the participants in this sample had a prior conviction or incarceration; therefore, we cannot generalize these results to offender populations,” Atanassova said. “Still, the study’s results point to the fact that even sub-clinical psychopathic traits might be accompanied by a deficit in learning that potentially contributes to more antisocial behavior.”

Future research could explore the mechanisms involved, such as the brain activity underlying these processes.

“Given the propensity of those with psychopathic traits to engage in violence and aggression, understanding why they don’t learn from negative consequences and how they process pain (both of their victims and their own, for instance in the case of social exclusion or incarceration) is essential,” Atanassova explained.

The study, “Diminished pain sensitivity mediates the relationship between psychopathic traits and reduced learning from pain,” was authored by Dimana V. Atanassova, Christoph Mathys, Andreea O. Diaconescu, Victor I. Madariaga, Joukje M. Oosterman, and Inti A. Brazil.