Scientists observe synchronized oxytocin in couples after sex

A new study published in the Archives of Sexual Behavior provides rare insight into how oxytocin levels change across a sexual encounter between romantic partners in their own homes. The researchers found that men’s and women’s oxytocin levels tended to peak 40 minutes after sex and showed signs of synchronization during that period, though the hormone’s link to orgasm was weaker than previously believed.

Oxytocin is often referred to as the “love hormone” or “bonding hormone” because of its role in social connection, emotional bonding, and reproductive behavior. It is produced in the brain by the hypothalamus and released into the bloodstream by the pituitary gland. Researchers can detect oxytocin in saliva, blood, and urine, and it has been associated with behaviors such as cuddling, trust, pair bonding, and sexual satisfaction.

Much of the research on oxytocin has been conducted in laboratories or medical settings, often with small, non-diverse samples. While previous studies have shown increases in oxytocin during sexual activity and after orgasm, researchers have rarely measured how the hormone fluctuates during a real-life sexual encounter between two people in a natural setting. The team behind this study, including Amanda Denes at the University of Connecticut and colleagues from multiple U.S. institutions, aimed to fill that gap by studying couples in their own homes.

The researchers recruited 49 mixed-sex couples who were in romantic, monogamous relationships lasting at least three months. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 31 and were not married. Most were white, but the sample also included individuals who identified as Hispanic or Latinx, Asian, mixed race, and Black. To be eligible, participants needed to be in good physical and mental health, free from endocrine disorders, and not taking medications known to affect hormonal balance (with the exception of birth control).

Each couple visited a university laboratory where they completed surveys and received a take-home saliva collection kit. They were instructed to collect four samples each: immediately before sex, immediately after sex, 20 minutes after sex, and 40 minutes after sex. The samples were taken using the passive drool method and frozen for later analysis.

To maintain ecological validity, the sexual activity occurred in the participants’ homes without any researchers present. The study defined sexual activity broadly as any activity “below the belt,” such as intercourse or manual and oral stimulation. Participants also completed surveys about orgasm, foreplay, and other details of the encounter.

The saliva samples were analyzed using a highly sensitive assay to measure oxytocin concentrations. Although there was no statistically significant overall change in oxytocin levels over time, patterns emerged when examining men and women separately. On average, women had the highest oxytocin levels before sex and again at the 40-minute mark. For men, oxytocin levels increased gradually across the sexual episode, reaching their highest point at the 40-minute post-sex sample.

The researchers also looked for signs of hormonal synchrony between partners. While each person’s oxytocin levels tended to be internally consistent across the four timepoints, there were also correlations between partners’ oxytocin levels after sex. Specifically, women’s and men’s oxytocin concentrations were positively correlated at 20 and 40 minutes after sex, suggesting a biological alignment that may reflect or promote intimacy.

One aim of the study was to examine whether oxytocin levels before sex predicted whether participants experienced orgasm. For women, there was a marginally significant association suggesting that higher pre-sex oxytocin might increase the odds of orgasm. No such pattern was observed for men. Additionally, the researchers found no evidence that experiencing orgasm led to higher post-sex oxytocin levels in either group, challenging some past findings that emphasized oxytocin spikes following climax.

The researchers also explored how specific types of foreplay, such as hugging or receiving oral sex, were related to oxytocin levels. Among men, these behaviors were linked to higher average oxytocin. For women, receiving hand stimulation interacted with time in ways that influenced hormone levels, although no specific timepoint showed a statistically significant effect. The researchers controlled for these variables in follow-up analyses and found that the main patterns held steady.

Other exploratory findings suggested that women using hormonal birth control had higher oxytocin levels across the sexual episode. Additionally, higher body mass index was associated with higher oxytocin levels among women, but these factors did not meaningfully change the overall conclusions of the study.

There are some limitations to consider. Because participants collected the samples on their own, it’s possible that timing errors occurred, especially during the post-sex period. The researchers also lacked detailed information about what occurred during sex or immediately afterward, which could have influenced oxytocin production. They did not assess participants’ menstrual cycles, history of pregnancy, or certain medical conditions that could affect hormonal responses.

The researchers note that oxytocin’s role in sexuality is likely influenced by social and cultural factors as well as biology. For example, women and men may experience different expectations around sex, intimacy, and emotional expression, which could shape hormonal responses. The authors encourage future research to consider the complex interplay of gender, sexuality, and physiology when examining hormones like oxytocin.

Although this study did not find strong support for a direct link between orgasm and oxytocin spikes, the results suggest that the post-sex period may be an important time for hormonal synchrony between partners. The shared increase in oxytocin during this time could support feelings of closeness and bonding, which align with prior research showing that affectionate behavior after sex is associated with higher relationship satisfaction.

Future research could build on these findings by incorporating more diverse couples, including same-sex or nonbinary partners, and by using methods that allow for more precise timing of sample collection. Researchers might also examine additional hormones, such as cortisol, to better understand how stress and intimacy interact during and after sexual activity. Laboratory studies, while less naturalistic, could also include multiple biological samples to clarify how oxytocin levels in saliva compare to those in blood or cerebrospinal fluid.

The study, “Charting Salivary Oxytocin Across an Episode of Naturally Occurring Partnered Sex,” was authored by Amanda Denes, Margaret Bennett‑Brown, John P. Crowley, Anuraj Dhillon, Talea Cornelius, John L. Stebbins, and Steve W. Granger.