A study published in Politics and the Life Sciences suggests that a conspiracy mentality is linked to increased support for conspiracy theories and higher endorsement of fake news claims.
The nonacceptance of well-supported science is a pervasive problem in today’s society. Support for pseudoscience is alarmingly common, and conspiracy theories and fake news claims are rampant on social media.
“The proliferation of deceptive claims on social media has done a lot to normalize conspiracy, and to some extent conspiratorial worldviews,” study authors Asheley R. Landrum and Alex Olshansky say. “We can try to dismiss conspiracy theorizing as something undertaken only by a foil-hat-wearing fringe, however when our friends and neighbors (and sometimes ourselves) begin to believe and share conspiracies on social media, we must acknowledge that conspiracy theorizing is much more widespread.”
Landrum and Olshansky wanted to explore factors that lead people towards a disbelief in science, by focusing on the role of conspiracy mentality.
A nearly nationally representative sample of 513 Americans was recruited to take part in an online survey. In order to capture data from individuals with heightened support for conspiracy theories, a separate sample of 21 adults recruited from a flat Earth convention was also included.
The survey measured scientific belief with questions addressing beliefs in climate change and evolution. The survey also questioned subjects’ belief in certain fake news topics proliferated on social media, such as the belief that “the Zika virus was caused by the genetically modified mosquito” or that “childhood vaccinations are unsafe and cause disorders like autism.” Conspiracy mentality was assessed by questioning subjects’ support for seven different conspiracy theories.
As expected, the sample recruited from the flat Earth conference had much stronger scores on the conspiracy mentality assessment than the national sample. Furthermore, 100% of those from the flat Earth convention reported not believing in climate change, while only 36% of the national sample did. While these findings seem to support the existence of a conspiracy mentality, when the two samples were merged, a conspiracy mentality did not predict the denial of climate change.
Greater conspiracy mentality did predict susceptibility to every fake news claim that was included in the survey (i.e., misleading claims about GMOs, the Zika virus, vaccinations, and a cure for cancer).
Support for these inaccurate, viral claims was not altogether uncommon. As the authors illustrate, “About 56% of our national sample said it is likely or definitely true that Monsanto is covering up for the fact that GMOs cause cancer, and 32% of our national sample said that it is likely or definitely true that the Zika virus is caused by the genetically modified mosquito.”
The authors stress, “even though the number of individuals with pathological levels of conspiracy mentality is arguably small, viral fake news campaigns are dangerous because people who may not be conspiracy oriented are predisposed to accept conspiracies that support their worldviews.”
The study was limited since it included a small number of items addressing scientific belief and the rejection of scientific fact. Future studies should aim to include assessments for a wider range of science-related beliefs.
The study, “The role of conspiracy mentality in denial of science and susceptibility to viral deception about science”, was authored by Asheley R. Landrum and Alex Olshansky.