Adults with ADHD face long-term social and economic challenges, study finds — even with medication

A new study published in the Journal of Psychiatric Research sheds light on the long-term challenges faced by individuals diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The research shows that adults with ADHD are more likely to struggle with education, employment, and overall social functioning compared to those without the condition. Even when individuals adhered to prescribed medication over a 10-year period, their outcomes did not significantly improve in key areas such as educational attainment or employment by the age of 30.

ADHD is a developmental condition that affects about 2–3% of children, with symptoms often continuing into adulthood. It is characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. These behaviors can make it difficult to succeed in academic, social, and workplace settings. While medication is commonly prescribed to manage symptoms, the long-term effects of treatment on real-world outcomes like education and employment have not been well studied.

The researchers set out to understand how adults with ADHD are doing by age 30, and whether sticking to prescribed medication during young adulthood helps improve social outcomes. They also aimed to quantify the broader social and economic impact of ADHD, particularly in terms of healthcare costs and the presence of other mental health conditions.

The research team used national data from Denmark’s health and social registries to track individuals diagnosed with ADHD between 1995 and 2016. To be included, patients had to be under 30 years old by 2005 or turn 30 by 2016, which allowed for at least a decade of follow-up data.

In total, 4,897 people with ADHD were matched with 18,931 individuals from the general population. Matching was based on age, gender, and location. The researchers then compared the two groups across a range of outcomes, including education level, employment status, income, healthcare use, and psychiatric comorbidities.

They also examined medication adherence by tracking how consistently ADHD patients filled prescriptions over the 10 years leading up to age 30. Adherence was defined as receiving at least 70% of the defined daily dose in a given year. The researchers then analyzed whether greater adherence led to better social and economic outcomes.

Overall, adults with ADHD fared significantly worse than their peers in many areas of life by the time they reached 30. Compared to the control group, individuals with ADHD were more likely to live alone, less likely to have completed higher education, less likely to be employed, more likely to rely on social welfare programs, and more likely to have been diagnosed with additional psychiatric disorders.

At age 30, only about 35% of adults with ADHD were employed, compared to over 74% in the control group. A striking 34% of those with ADHD were receiving social security benefits, and 12% were on disability pensions — much higher than their non-ADHD peers.

The economic picture was also sobering. Adults with ADHD had lower predicted income from employment and significantly higher healthcare costs. On average, they received more than double the amount of public financial support compared to the control group.

Mental health was another key difference. Psychiatric comorbidities were far more common among ADHD patients, including depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. These additional conditions strongly influenced outcomes: people with more severe psychiatric comorbidities were much less likely to finish school or be employed.

One of the central questions of the study was whether sticking to ADHD medication made a difference. Surprisingly, the answer was no — or at least not in the expected way.

Adherence to medication between the ages of 21 and 30 did not increase the chances of completing a vocational or college-level education. Nor did it boost the odds of being employed at age 30. In fact, higher adherence to medication was modestly associated with lower odds of being employed, although the researchers believe this may be due to the fact that people with more severe symptoms — and thus worse outcomes — are also the ones who are more likely to stay on medication.

Educational outcomes were most strongly predicted by whether the patient’s parents had higher levels of education. Similarly, parental education also influenced whether the individual was employed by age 30. This suggests that family background remains a powerful driver of success, even among those with access to medical treatment.

The researchers acknowledged several limitations. One key issue is that the data do not capture the full range of non-medication treatments, such as therapy, special education services, or social support programs. These may play an important role in long-term success but were not included in the study.

Another challenge is that the study design was observational, which means it cannot prove causation. For example, while medication adherence was not linked to better outcomes, this does not mean that medication is ineffective — it may be that the people who need it most already face serious disadvantages that medication alone cannot overcome.

There was also limited information about the age at which patients were first diagnosed. Many participants received their diagnosis as adults, missing out on early intervention that might have changed their life trajectories. The researchers note that earlier diagnosis and a combination of treatments might lead to better long-term results, but more studies are needed to test this idea.

The study, “Long-term effects of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on social functioning and health care outcomes,” was authored by Poul Jennum, Anne Virring Sørensen, Lone Baandrup, Michael Ibsen, Rikke Ibsen, and Jakob Kjellberg.