A recent study published in the journal Brain Research reveals intriguing evidence that exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) patterned after neural activity might enhance a mental state known as “flow” in individuals playing a computer game. The findings open up the possibility of developing wearable devices that could support learning, focus, and concentration by utilizing specific EMF patterns.
The concept of “flow,” a term coined by psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, describes a state of optimal experience where individuals are fully immersed in a task, losing track of time and self-consciousness. This state is often accompanied by a feeling of effortlessness and a high level of concentration. Flow has been linked to enhanced performance and well-being in various activities, from sports to creative endeavors.
Researchers have long been interested in understanding the neural mechanisms underlying the flow state, but replicating this state in experimental settings has proven challenging. While past studies have relied on self-report measures to study flow, these approaches have primarily been correlational, offering limited insights into causality.
In their current study, first author Anthony S. Zanetti and his colleagues at Laurentian University sought to build on existing theories suggesting that flow might be a result of neural synchronization, particularly between attentional networks and the brain’s reward systems. Given that previous research has shown that EMFs can influence neural activity, the researchers aimed to test whether EMFs patterned after the brain’s natural firing patterns could induce or enhance the flow state during a specific task—in this case, playing a computer game.
“I’ve had a fascination with EMFs since my graduate work. I’ve seen their impact on cell cultures, self-report data, and smaller whole biological systems,” explained senior author Blake Dotta, an assistant professor, head of the Neuroscience Research Group, and Zanetti’s supervisor. “To me, science is the pursuit of the unknown, and there are still many aspects of EMF influence that we have limited data on. The interest in this experiment was twofold: first, to see if EMFs could influence brain activity in a way that specifically supports the flow state, and second, to determine if any changes could be corroborated by self-reports or reflected in game performance.”
The study involved 39 participants recruited from the student body at Laurentian University, as well as the general public. These participants were divided into three groups based on the difficulty of the computer game they were assigned to play: easy, medium, and hard. The game chosen for the experiment was the classic arcade game “Snake,” which requires players to control a snake to collect items while avoiding collisions with the snake’s own body or the game’s boundaries.
Participants were fitted with a sensor cap to record their brain activity using a technique called electroencephalography (EEG). They played two 10-minute sessions of the game, with a short break in between. During one of these sessions, an electromagnetic field was applied to the participants’ heads. The field was patterned after neural activity in the amygdala, a brain region involved in processing emotions and contributing to the flow experience. The frequency of the EMF ranged from 6 to 20 Hz, which aligns with the natural firing patterns observed in the amygdala.
To measure the participants’ experience of flow, the researchers used the Flow Short Scale, a survey that assesses various components of the flow state, such as the sense of challenge, concentration, and the merging of action and awareness. Additionally, the participants’ game performance was recorded, including their scores and the number of errors they made.
The researchers observed a significant decrease in beta wave activity (12–16 Hz) in several brain regions when participants were exposed to the EMF. These regions included the left cuneus, left precuneus, left posterior cingulate, insula, and parahippocampal gyrus. Beta waves are typically associated with active thinking and focus, so a reduction in beta activity might indicate a shift towards a more relaxed and absorbed state, which aligns with the flow experience.
In addition to the changes in brain wave patterns, the researchers also found that participants reported greater ease of concentration when exposed to EMF. This subjective improvement in focus was particularly noticeable among participants who had no prior experience playing the game.
The study also uncovered an intriguing detail regarding the impact of EMF exposure on participants with varying levels of prior experience playing the game “Snake.” Typically, in tasks like playing a computer game, participants with prior experience tend to outperform those without it, simply due to familiarity with the game mechanics and strategies. However, in this study, during the trials where participants were exposed to the EMF, this expected advantage disappeared.
In the EMF exposure trials, there was no discernible experience effect; participants with prior experience did not exhibit significantly better performance compared to those without prior experience. This was a notable finding because it suggests that the EMF might level the playing field, allowing novices to perform at a level similar to those with more experience.
“EMFs, though subtle and ubiquitous in our lives, have the ability to subtly influence brain activity,” Dotta told PsyPost. “To be blunt, the key takeaway for the average person is that our brains are responsive to these external influences. This study provides preliminary evidence that EMF exposure can enhance cognitive functions like concentration and learning by promoting flow states. If we can influence brain activity, it opens up possibilities for affecting single-cell behavior or even the behavior of an individual.”
“However, a huge caveat: the EMF influence described in this research won’t increase your IQ or give you abilities you’ve never had before. But it does suggest a potential avenue for developing wearable, inexpensive technology that could aid in achieving flow states, which are associated with enhanced learning, focus, and performance.”
While the current study provides initial evidence that specific EMF patterns can enhance flow-related brain activity and subjective experiences, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. Future research should focus on using larger and more diverse sample populations to confirm the generalizability of the findings. Additionally, studies should investigate the long-term effects of repeated EMF exposure and whether different EMF patterns might be more effective for specific tasks or individuals. Advanced neuroimaging techniques could also be employed to gain more precise insights into the neural circuits involved in flow states under EMF influence.
“It’s important to note that, even though the study shows promising results, this area of research is still in its infancy, and the effects observed are subtle,” Dotta said. “The EMF influence we detected won’t drastically change cognitive abilities, and, very importantly, it is not a one-size-fits-all solution.”
“The long-term goals are to continue advancing the science behind EMF influence, focusing on studying its effects to better understand its mechanisms and scope. EMF influence remains a major point of contention in science — how do EMFs exert their effects on biological systems? We aim to expand both the sample size and the range of cognitive tests in our studies to explore this further.”
“Currently, we have a few studies under review that demonstrate the influence of EMFs, particularly when paired with valenced emotions, on short-term memory performance,” Dotta explained. “Our ultimate goal is to identify the EMF patterns and intensities that most effectively influence brain dynamics. For example, gamma oscillations, which are known to be reduced in Alzheimer’s disease, could potentially be enhanced through targeted EMF applications (this is a current ongoing project, similar to Anthony’s work, but focusing on EEG entrainment through EMF application). If we can increase gamma coherence using EMFs, this line of research could open up new possibilities for therapeutic interventions. That is the future direction we are pursuing.”
The study, “Electromagnetic field enhanced flow state: Insights from electrophysiological measures, self-reported experiences, and gameplay,” was authored by Anthony S. Zanetti, Kevin S. Saroka, and Blake T. Dotta.
