A meta-analysis of 30 research studies examining children with traumatic experiences found that securely attached children tended to exhibit less severe posttraumatic stress symptoms after experiencing a traumatic event. In contrast, insecure attachment was associated with more severe posttraumatic stress symptoms. The research was published in Development and Psychopathology.
Many children and adolescents experience traumatic events. Some witness severe domestic violence or endure abuse, while others survive war, natural disasters, or serious accidents. A recent meta-analysis found that approximately 16% of children exposed to traumatic events subsequently develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, characterized by symptoms such as intrusive memories, hyperarousal, avoidance behaviors, and negative changes in mood or cognition.
However, experiencing a traumatic event alone is not sufficient to cause PTSD or its symptoms. Various factors increase the risk of developing the disorder, while others serve as protective factors that reduce this risk. For example, low social support, social withdrawal, and intense fear experienced during the traumatic event increase the likelihood of developing PTSD symptoms. Conversely, a strong emotional connection with a caregiver—i.e., secure attachment—can enhance a child’s resilience and serve as a protective factor against the development of psychopathology.
Study author Toby Cushing and his colleagues sought to better understand the relationship between emotional attachment style and posttraumatic stress symptoms in children and adolescents. They also investigated whether this relationship differs between children who have experienced maltreatment and those who have experienced other types of traumatic events. The researchers hypothesized that a secure emotional attachment style would be associated with lower posttraumatic stress symptoms.
Attachment styles are patterns of emotional bonding and relationship behavior formed in early childhood. The four main attachment styles are:
- Secure attachment, characterized by trust and comfort in relationships.
- Anxious attachment, marked by fear of abandonment and clinginess.
- Avoidant attachment, involving emotional distance and difficulty with intimacy.
- Disorganized attachment, which combines fear and confusion in relationships due to inconsistent caregiving.
The last three are collectively referred to as insecure attachment styles. These styles arise from early interactions with caregivers and shape how individuals perceive and respond to emotional connections. Secure attachment fosters healthy relationships, while insecure styles can lead to challenges in emotional regulation and interpersonal interactions.
The study’s authors conducted a meta-analysis of published research focused on attachment and posttraumatic stress symptoms in children and adolescents. They conducted an extensive search of scientific publication databases, yielding nearly 3,000 records.
After reviewing these records, they identified 30 studies that contained the necessary data for their meta-analysis. The number of participants in these studies ranged from 19 to 3,232, totaling 10,431 participants. The mean age of participants ranged from 33 months to 18 years, with an average age of 13 years. On average, 51% of participants were girls. The nature of trauma varied, including maltreatment (9 studies), war trauma (7 studies), and natural disasters (4 studies). Four studies did not specify the type of trauma participants experienced.
The overall results showed that securely attached children tended to have fewer posttraumatic stress symptoms. However, the strength of this association varied considerably between studies. Insecure attachment styles, both collectively and when considered individually, were associated with more severe posttraumatic stress symptoms.
“The results of these meta-analyses indicate that attachment orientation during childhood and adolescence has a small but significant association with PTSS [posttraumatic stress symptoms]. Secure attachment is associated with lower PTSS following a traumatic event and insecure and avoidant attachment is associated with increased PTSS following a traumatic event, but the evidence base is still quite limited,” the study authors concluded.
The study provides insights into the link between childhood attachment and responses to trauma. However, it is important to note the significant variability between the studies included in the meta-analysis regarding the strength of the association between attachment and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Additionally, studies of this nature are often conducted on survivors of traumatic events who are more accessible to researchers. As a result, the findings may not be fully representative of the general population.
The paper, “The relationship between attachment and posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review,” was authored by Toby Cushing, Sarah Robertson, Julia Mannes, Nicole Marshall, Mark James Carey, Robbie Duschinsky, and Richard Meiser-Stedman.
