Study finds mindfulness creates lasting improvements in visual memory

An experimental study conducted in China found that a 5-week emotion-targeted mindfulness training improved participants’ working memory accuracy for faces displaying emotions, with the exception of faces displaying fear. The improvements continued to be present one month after the training was completed. The research was published in npj Science of Learning.

Mindfulness is the practice of intentionally paying attention to the present moment with openness and without judgment. It involves noticing thoughts, emotions, bodily sensations, and external experiences as they arise. Mindfulness has roots in Buddhist meditation traditions but is widely used today in secular psychological and health contexts. It is commonly cultivated through practices such as meditation, breathing exercises, and mindful movement.

Research shows that mindfulness can reduce stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. It can also improve emotional regulation and increase awareness of habitual reactions. Mindfulness helps people relate differently to difficult thoughts and feelings rather than trying to suppress or avoid them. In everyday life, it can be practiced during routine activities such as eating, walking, or listening.

Study author Hui Kou and her colleagues wanted to explore the impact of mindfulness training on working memory for faces and the cognitive mechanisms underlying this effect. They conducted an experiment.

Study participants were 120 undergraduate students from a medical university in China. Ninety of them were women. Participants’ average age was 20 years. All participants were right-handed and had normal or corrected-to-normal vision.

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Study authors randomly divided participants into a training and a control group. The training group underwent 5 weeks of mindfulness training based on mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and cognitive therapy. They had 2 hours of training per week.

The goal of the training was to enhance emotion perception and emotion regulation, so the contents of each weekly training focused on the topic of emotions. The control group had two lectures on mindfulness designed to concentrate on general principles of mindfulness. Each lecture lasted 60 minutes and did not include experiential practices.

Before and after the training and 1 month after the training was finished, participants completed assessments of mindfulness (the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire), and a cognitive test assessing their visual working memory for faces displaying emotions. In the cognitive test, participants first viewed two faces for one second. This was followed by a two-second blank screen (delay period), after which another face appeared.

Participants’ task was to indicate whether that final face was among the two initially shown. There were 48 such trials in one block. There were 5 blocks in total. All faces in one block displayed the same emotion and the emotion displayed was different in each block. The emotions the faces displayed were happy, sad, angry, fearful, and neutral.

The results showed that the mindfulness training resulted in improved working memory accuracy for facial stimuli across all examined emotional expressions except fear. One month after the training was finished, these improvements were still present. Participants from the training group performed better than those in the control group both immediately after the training and one month later.

Statistical analyses indicated that, after the training, participants processed information on faces they viewed more efficiently when making memory decisions regardless of the emotion the face displayed. The stronger this increase in processing efficiency was, the more accurate participants’ memory performance became.

“These findings demonstrate that mindfulness training induces lasting improvements in both accuracy and processing efficiency of visual working memory, independent of facial emotions, clarifying its cognitive mechanisms,” the study authors concluded.

The study contributes to the scientific knowledge on the effects of mindfulness training. However, it should be noted that the study used just a single working memory task, with a single type of stimuli. It remains unknown how much the findings would generalize to different working memory tasks and to stimuli that are not faces displaying emotions.

The paper, “Mindfulness training enhances face working memory: evidence from the drift-diffusion model,” was authored by Hui Kou, Wei Luo, Xiaodong Li, Jia Wu, Qianguo Xiao, and Taiyong Bi.