The effects of pornography use on sexual behaviors and relationship outcomes have drawn significant attention from researchers. A recent study published in the Archives of Sexual Behavior sheds light on this complex relationship, focusing on how different types of pornography use — alone versus with a partner — relate to various sexual behaviors and, in turn, how these behaviors affect relationship dynamics.
The intrigue surrounding pornography’s role in modern relationships isn’t new. With its consumption becoming more common, researchers are keen to understand the nuances of how it influences both individual behaviors and interpersonal relationships. This study ventures into relatively uncharted territory by examining not just the direct impact of pornography on relationships but also how sexual behaviors may serve as a bridge between pornography use and relationship quality.
“I was interested in this topic because there is a lot of research out there about pornography use, and even a decent amount on how it affects relationships,” said study author Carson R. Dover, a research assistant at Brigham Young University. “However, I believed there was a gap in our understanding about why pornography affects relationships. To that end, I was interested to show more about how and why pornography use may be influencing relationship outcomes.”
The study included 2,519 individuals in the United States, who were 18 years or older and were in a committed relationship. These participants completed an online survey administered by Qualtrics, a widely recognized platform for academic research.
To capture the nuances of pornography use, the survey asked participants to report their frequency of consuming specific types of sexually explicit materials, both alone and jointly with their partner, over the past 12 months. Beyond pornography use, the survey collected data on various sexual behaviors, such as vaginal intercourse, oral sex, anal sex, and the use of sex toys, asking participants to indicate the frequency of these activities with their partner.
Finally, to assess the impact on relationship outcomes, the study measured two key indicators: sexual satisfaction and relationship stability. These were gauged through a series of questions designed to reflect the participants’ satisfaction with their sexual relationship and the perceived stability of their relationship over time.
The results showed that joint pornography use — where partners view pornography together — had more consistent associations with a range of sexual behaviors compared to solitary pornography use. This distinction underscores the importance of context in understanding the implications of pornography within relationships.
Joint pornography use was positively linked to all examined sexual behaviors. Solitary pornography use was associated only with increased frequency of sex toy use and anal sex, indicating a more limited scope of influence on sexual behaviors.
While some sexual behaviors associated with pornography use were linked to positive relationship outcomes, others had a negative correlation. Specifically, vaginal and oral sex were correlated with increased sexual satisfaction and, to a lesser extent, increased relationship stability. Conversely, anal sex was negatively related to relationship outcomes. This behavior was linked to lower relationship stability and sexual satisfaction, indicating that not all sexual explorations inspired by pornography are beneficial for relationship health.
Importantly, further analysis of indirect effects provided evidence that sexual behaviors served as a pathway between pornography use and relationship outcomes. Joint pornography use had a significant positive indirect effect on sexual satisfaction, driven by the positive contributions of vaginal and oral sex, but tempered by the negative influence of anal sex. This pattern was mirrored in the study’s findings on relationship stability.
“I think that main finding from my study that the average person can takeaway is that there are many underlying reasons why pornography use may influence relationship outcomes, and one of them is that it can change behavioral patterns,” Dover told PsyPost.
“When people view pornography, they learn more about (whether incorrectly or not) sex, how sex works, and how to perform various sexual acts. When people learn these behaviors from pornography, they are more likely to utilize these behaviors in their sexual relationships, for better or worse. In other words, pornography can influence what kind of sexual behaviors we are interested in pursuing, and these may be positive or negative for a relationship.”
These insights contribute to the growing body of research on pornography’s role in intimate relationships, providing a more nuanced understanding of how its consumption can influence relationship dynamics. However, this study, like all research, operates within certain confines. Its cross-sectional nature means causation cannot be inferred—only associations and correlations are identified.
“One of the major caveats is that the sample I used in the study is not nationally representative,” Dover noted. “Because of this, the findings may not apply to every individual in every situation. Additionally, I only examined heterosexual relationships, so that limits the scope of how these findings can be applied even more so.
“Another question that still needs to be addressed is more about how quickly and how impactful learning new sexual behaviors is on relationships. I was not able to address the amount of time that it may take for the pornography to actually lead to engaging in a different behavior, and how long it may take for engaging in that behavior to lead to various relationship outcomes.”
“I hope that when people read the study they will understand the nuance that exists about how pornography influences relationships and relationship outcomes,” Dover added. “My study is only one piece of the puzzle in helping us understand more about the mechanisms at work with sexual behaviors and relationships.”
The study, “Sexual Behaviors as a Mediator Between Pornography Use and Heterosexual Relationship Outcomes,” was authored by Carson R. Dover and Brian J. Willoughby.
