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New research conducted in Italy has found that the ability to communicate sexual needs and boundaries is a predictor of satisfaction in romantic relationships. The study suggests that while appreciating one’s own body enhances sexual self-confidence, this confidence must translate into assertive communication to positively impact a partnership. These findings were published in the academic journal Behavioral Sciences.
Romantic relationships are complex dynamics where physical and psychological well-being often intersect. Previous scientific inquiries have frequently examined body image and sexual self-concept separately from relationship quality. When studies have addressed sexual assertiveness, they have typically focused on individual outcomes like risk prevention rather than the health of established partnerships.
“The study was motivated by a gap in the literature. Indeed, previous research has typically examined body image, sexual self-concept, and relationship satisfaction in isolation, but not within an integrated framework,” said study author Marco Rizzo of the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences at eCampus University.
“In particular, sexual assertiveness has been widely studied as an individual skill, but its role in stable romantic relationships has received limited attention. Then, we want to understand how personal experiences of the body and sexuality translate into concrete relational processes that shape relationship satisfaction.”
To test this model, the research team recruited 473 participants through social media and word-of-mouth channels, primarily targeting university students in Italy. The sample consisted of individuals currently in heterosexual romantic relationships. The participants were evenly split between men and women, with an average age of approximately 23 years.
Most respondents had completed high school, and the average duration of their current relationship was three years. Participants completed a series of online questionnaires designed to assess specific psychological constructs. To measure body appreciation, the researchers used a scale asking respondents how often they felt good about or respected their bodies.
Sexual esteem was evaluated through items assessing confidence in oneself as a sexual partner. The study also assessed sexual assertiveness using two distinct subscales. One subscale focused on the ability to initiate sex and communicate needs, while the other focused on the ability to refuse unwanted sexual activity.
Finally, participants rated their overall satisfaction with their romantic relationship, covering areas such as how well their wants and needs were being met. The researchers utilized a statistical technique known as structural equation modeling to test the relationships between these variables. This approach allowed them to determine how the different psychological factors influenced one another.
They also tested whether these patterns differed between men and women. The data analysis revealed that body appreciation was a strong predictor of sexual esteem. Individuals who held favorable opinions of their own bodies tended to report higher confidence in their sexual worth.
However, the analysis showed that body appreciation did not directly predict sexual assertiveness. Instead, the relationship between body appreciation and assertiveness was fully mediated by sexual esteem. This indicates that liking one’s body promotes sexual confidence, which in turn encourages assertive communication.
This pathway applied to both the ability to initiate sex and the ability to refuse it. Regarding relationship outcomes, the study found that sexual assertiveness was positively associated with relationship satisfaction. Participants who felt capable of communicating their desires and setting boundaries reported higher quality relationships.
“The key takeaway is that feeling comfortable communicating sexual desires, needs, and boundaries plays a crucial role in relationship satisfaction,” Rizzo told PsyPost. “Appreciating one’s body is important, but it is not sufficient on its own. What truly matters for relationship well-being is the ability to transform internal confidence into open and respectful sexual communication. In short, how partners talk about sex can be just as important as how they feel about it.”
Contrary to what one might expect, sexual esteem on its own did not show a direct link to relationship satisfaction. The internal feeling of confidence appeared to be less relevant to the partner or the relationship dynamic than the actual behavioral expression of that confidence. In other words, feeling good about oneself sexually did not predict a happier relationship unless that confidence led to better communication.
“One somewhat unexpected finding was that sexual esteem was not related with relationship satisfaction,” Rizzo said. “The results suggest that what matters more is how people enact their sexuality within the relationship, rather than their internal self-evaluation alone.”
The researchers also examined the data for gender differences. They found that the structural relationships among the variables were consistent for both men and women. This challenges the notion that sexual assertiveness is a concern primarily for women, suggesting it is a shared competence vital for both partners.
“Sexuality is only one of many factors that contribute to relationship satisfaction,” Rizzo explained. “This suggests that fostering sexual assertiveness and communication skills can have a realistic and tangible impact on couples’ everyday relational well-being. ”
While the study provides new insights, it has certain limitations that affect how the results should be interpreted. The sample was composed primarily of young Italian adults in relatively short-term relationships. This demographic profile restricts the ability to generalize the findings to older adults, long-term married couples, or individuals from different cultural backgrounds.
Additionally, the study relied entirely on self-reported data. This method can introduce bias, as participants may provide answers they believe are socially acceptable rather than accurate reflections of their behaviors. The cross-sectional design of the research also prevents the determination of cause-and-effect relationships.
“The hope could be to focus on longitudinal designs to examine how these processes unfold over time, as well as dyadic studies involving both partners,” Rizzo said. “Another important step is extending the model to more diverse populations, including non-heterosexual relationships. From an applied perspective, we aim to develop and test psychoeducational interventions that promote sexual assertiveness and body appreciation as resources for relationship well-being.”
“Overall, the study underscores that sexual and affective education can promote not only risk prevention, but also healthier and more satisfying romantic relationships.”
The study, “Satisfaction in Romantic Relationships: The Role of Body Appreciation, Sexual Esteem and Sexual Assertiveness,” was authored by Marco Rizzo, Camilla Matera, Daniela Caso, Anna Rosa Donizzetti, Caterina Grano, Amanda Nerini, and Chiara Rollero.
